Fatty Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeon

Fatty Acid Profile Oil glut east on pigeonPigeons, whose relation with humans traces back to ancient propagation (B.C. 3000-5000), are seen in al to the highest degree e truly geographical region of the b tot all in ally except for the poles. Pigeons live side by side with humans and sepa cast animal species in the nature and they are bred as a origin of food, as a hobby, symbol, and for experimental aims (cooper et al.,1984).Pigeons constitute the bird family Columbidae in spite of appearance the order columbiformes (Baptista et al.,1997).All races of breeds of domestic pigeonColumba livia domestica have been evolved from rock pigeon likewise called a rock dove Columba livia livia or jungli kabootar ( doddering pigeon) that cohabits with man every where in the world. The domestic pigeon breeds are believed to have been developed in the atomic number 99 and Europe had no original breed of its own. Wild pigeons are piquet grey with two black bars on each(prenominal) annex e (Blechman et al., 2007).There has been a growing interest in centerfield from alternative animal species like deer (Volpelli et al., 2003),ostriches (Cooper, 1999 Horbanczuk, 2002), and pigeons (Zieleziski and Pawlina, 2005). Lean warmness is very low in plunkten up (20-50g/kg), pork and poultry have a favourable balance amid polyunsaturated and saturated fatty sulfurouss (P S) (Wood et al., 1997 ). Pigeon philia is considered a delicacy and is gaining popularity among consumers in Europe principally in wide Britain, France, and Italy as well as in the United States and China (Zieleziski and Pawlina, 2005).Pigeon meat is characterized by noble nutritive value. Due to low cholesterin and a fairly high protein circumscribe, it can be utilise as a worth(predicate) inclusive component of the human diet. As farthermost as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species (Pomianowski et al ., 2009).Vitamin E is a general term used for the designation of tocopherols and tocotrienols (-,-, -, -) (Acker et al ., 1993) . Variations in vitamin E deposition in fatty tissues have been found between antithetic poultry species (Mecchi et al., 1953). It was found that concentrations of tocopherol in turkey liver-colored and breast muscle were only one-fifth to one-third, respectively, those of br oilers fed similar dietetical levels (Marusich et al., 1975).They function as the most pictureive lipid soluble antioxidant ,protecting electric cell membranes from peroxyl radicals and mutagenic nitrogen oxide species (Acker et al ., 1993). Tocopherols provide immunoprotection (Meydani ,1995), antiproliferative (Azzi et al .,1995) and anticlotting effects (Dowd et al .,1995),platelet adhesives and thrombosis (Hodis et al ., 1995) . Increased vitamin E intake has been inversely associated with the lower attempt of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases (Losonczy et al.,1996).Bells palsy or idiopathic nervus seventh cranial nerveis paralysis is a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. some(prenominal) conditions can gain a facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, and Lyme disease. However, if no specific cause can be determine, the condition is known as Bells palsy(Salinas et al., 2010). Bells paralysis is a condition causing drooping of one side of the face.People often remember exposure to a cold before developing Bells palsy. anyplace from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 250 people develops Bells palsy in any given year,most commonly striking people all over 70 years . scarcely could occur at any detail of life (Rister, 2003 ). Named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell, who first described it, Bells palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis (Salinas et al., 2010).Nutritional Supplements required for Bells paralyse Treatment , includeVitamin B12essential fatty acid(5,000 milligrams daily)Pyruvate(3000 milligrams daily)Vitamin E (400 IU daily) ( Rister , 2003).No treatment for Bells Palsy, whether conventional or alternative is much effective than vitamin B12, but if longanimous has shingles three other Supplements may withal help to renovate recovery. Laboratory experiments have shown vitamin E, Sodium Pyruvate (a support supplement) and membrane stabilizing emancipate fatty acid (Rister, 2003).This project was designed to find out the biochemical basis of the recommendation of the pigeon meat by most of the physicians for the patients of Bells Palsy In the present project, the underframe of wild and domestic pigeons go out be analysed and compared for the concentrations of oil , Tocopherol and Fatty acid visibleness. This comparative subject area willing also furnish the scientific reason of preferable use of wild or domestic pigeon for the treatment of patients of BellsPalsy.The main objectives of the present study are as follows To evaluate compare oil contents in flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsTo evaluate compare Tocopherol contents in flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsTo evaluate compare Fatty acid profile in flesh of wild and domestic pigeonsREVIEW OF LITERATUREPomianowski and Mikulski (2009) excised both muscles, breast and thigh, from 3 pigeon meat-type breeds (Europigeon,Wrocawski, King) and were analyzed for proximate analytic thinking, cholesterol content, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Among the breeds considered, the lowest protein content of breast muscle was found in Kings (21.73%), whereas the highest fat (7.07%) and ash (1.11%) content of breast muscle (P 0.01) was located in Wrocawski pigeons. The cholesterol content of both muscles was lowest in Europigeon (23.6 to 25.2 mg/100 g of tissue) as compared with the King and Wrocawski pigeons (30.2 to 44.4 mg/100 g of tissue). The total content of polyunsaturated FA was lower in thigh tha n in breast muscles (by 4.5 to 12%, depending on the breed). As far as FA composition is concerned, pigeon meat resembles meat types of poultry species. However, due to low cholesterol and a fairly high protein content, pigeon meat can be used as a valuable inclusive component of the human diet.Young and Stagsted (2003) illustrated that in nonstressed birds, antioxidative status was reflected in decreased TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) in pectoralis major (PM ) ,iliotibialis (IL) and liver of ascorbic acid--tocopherol-supplemented chickens and likewise in liver from cretan dittany-supplemented chickens compared to that of nonstressed control birds. However, postmortem temperature, pH, and water-holding capacity were not affected by supplementation. Drip loss from oregano-supplemented chickens showed increased protein oxidation in specific bands, but this did not relate to water-holding capacity or antioxidative status. When exposed to stress, the concentration of TBARS in the cont rol animals increased in PM and IL. Ascorbic acid-- tocopherol supplementation defend IL, and oregano supplementation protected PM from stress-induced increases in TBARS. This differential effect between muscles may indicate differences in protectionmechanisms. In conclusion, ascorbic acid--tocopherol and oregano supplements to chickens protect against stress-induced increase in TBARS, in different muscles.Abulude et al. 2006 determined the anatomical weight, proximate composition, selected mineral contents and sensory evaluation in manlike and female pigeon birds ( Columba guinea G) found in Akure, Nigeria using regular methods . The species analyzed individually , were high in protein (60.63-66.92%), fat (13.28-15.34%) and ash (11.17-15.54%). Moisture, fibre, and lettuce contents varied within a narrow range. The mean cipher level was 386.93 30.45 Kcal. The mineral contents were highly variable. The abundant elements were Na, K, Ca and Mg and the remaining elements were pres ent in amounts below toxic levels, while Cd was not detected. The sensory scores in terms of juiciness, attractiveness, tenderness, texture and aroma revealed that these samples were good for consumption. The chemical values indicate good fictitious character protein and dietary minerals.Sheldon et al .2007 studied , the effect of varying dietary vitamin E levels on the oxidative stability, gusto, color, and volatile profiles of refrigerated and frozen turkeybreast meat was examined. Breast meat was excised from four carcasses per treatment and evaluated after refrigeration (1 and 7 d) or frozen storage (30, 90,150 d) for oxidativestability and sensory quality by Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis, descriptive flavor profiling, and headspace gas chromatography. The TBA values were inversely related to the dietary vitamin E levels. Refrigerated samples had TBA values 78 to 88% lower for the 10 and 25 vitamin E treatments, respectively, than for the NRC control treatment. No diffe rences in TBA values (refrigerated samples) were detected for the 10, 25, and 20 (3 wk feeding duration) or across all treatments for samples frozen for 5 mo. The 10 and 25 NRC diets produced the most typical and acceptable turkey meat flavors with the fewest oxidized off-flavor notes for both fresh and frozen samples as opposed to the more oxidized flavor notes detected in the control samples. Mean color scores increased, significative of less pale meat, as the level and duration of feeding dietary vitamin E increased. These findings showed that varying dietary vitamin E levels significantly watchd the oxidative stability and functionality of turkey breast meat.Dsemeth and Messeyne (1981), studied that the fatty acid pattern of the triglyceroides (TG) and phospholipids(PHL) from liver, fat tissue and crop of the pigeon at various stages of posthatching development and determined the influence of the changing diet. In each tissue and at all ages PHL contained more stearic and pol yenoic but less monoenoic acids than the same TG. Especially in the unripened squabs the acid composition of the liver (TG as well as PHL) is different from that of the adipose tissue and the crop. In each tissue and at all ages of pigeons, the TG had a relatively simple fatty acid pattern consisting mainly of Ci6 and C,components and containing more palmitic (160), palmitoleic (161) and oleic (181) acid but only trace amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated acids compared to the corresponding PHL. This class contained a higher amount of stearic (180) and linoleic (182) acid and up to 31% (liver at hatching) C20 and C22 polyenoic acids, mainly arachidonic (204) and docosahexaenoic (226).MATERIAL AND METHODSPlace of working The study will be conducted at following laboratories Research Laboratory , discussion section of Zoology, GC University FaisalabadPesticide Chemistry Lab, Plant Protection Division ,Nuclear Institute For horticulture And Biology (NIAB) .Specimen Collection Rand om samples of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and wild pigeons (Columba livia livia ) will be procured from local supplier at Faisalabad city.Preparation Of SamplesThe selected pigeons will be slaughtered ,defeathered and excised to take out four body parts ( Chest, Wings, legs liver ) .proximate abstractProximate analysis of the samples for moisture , Protein ,Fat , ash and minerals will be done according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists AOAC(2000) .Analysis For Tocopherol Fatty AcidFor the analysis of Tocopherol Fatty acids composition, following methodology will be adopted Blending / mixed baging of Flesh high school Speed blender ( Braun Multimix MX_32 , Germany ) will be used to mix flesh thoroughly .Extraction Of Fat From Pigeon FleshThe extraction of fat will be done by using Soxhlet apparatus .25g of each sample will be taken in extraction thimbles .And one hundred twenty-five ml of n_hexane will be taken in 250ml round loafer flask (Quick fit).The extraction will be proceeded for 12 cycles to collect have it off oil .Concentration of oil From the extract of n_hexane and oil , n_hexane will be evaporated by using rotary evaporation apparatus . The extract will be transferred to Round bottom flask, and then will be evaporated the content of n-hexane at remove temperature of water bath (60c) under suction up to dryness.Preparation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME)- Fatty Acid Analysis -Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and Fatty acid analysis will be done by using Official manner and recommended practices of American Oil Chemists Society AOCS(1993) .Tocopherol Analysis For the qualitative and numeric analysis of tocopherol HPLC coupled with Fluorescence detector will be used (Gliszczynsha Swiglo and Sikorsha ,2004) .Analysis of Tocopherol will be done by using all HPLC analysis of tocopherols at room temperature on waters 600 high process liquid chromatograph(Waters , Millford ,M.A,USA). For determin ation of tocopherols in oils , a mobile phase consisting of 50 % acetonitrile (Solvent A ) And 50 % of methanol (Solvent B ) was used with the flow rate 1ml / min. Injection volume was 20 l rheodyne injection was used .Tocopherols were identified by using their retention times with those of corresponding standards and by spiking of samples with appropriate standards .